Notes
A collection of fragments of understanding in the pursuit of deeper questions.
Contents
- Computational Vision
- Introduction to Data Science
- Translational Neuromodeling
- Deep Learning in Artificial & Biological Neuronal Networks
- Introduction to Neuroinformatics
- Intro to Neuroscience
- Systems Neuroscience
- Readings in Neuroinformatics
- Neurobiology of Consciousness
- Econometrics
- Principles of Finance
- Big Data & Databases
- Game Theory
- Intro to Blockchain
- Marketing Analytics
- Financial Accounting
- Fundamentals of Computer Science
- Foundamentals of Information Technology Law
- Statistics
- Computer Programming
- Macroeconomics
- EU Information Law & Data Economy
- Advanced Mathematics & Statistics
- Principles of Management
- Mathematics
- Microeconomics
Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous System
How is the organidation of the autonomic nervous system different from that of the somatic nervous system? Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) operates without conscious instruction. Coordinates systems functions: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive. (All these functions are to a large extent under ANS control).
Organization Similarities of SNS and ANS Are efferent divisions. Carry motor commands:
- SNS controls skeletal muscles
- ANS controls visceral effectors (Smooth musculature that is operating most of the organs. The heart is not made of smooth muscles but striate, however it still is under strong influence from ANS).
The ANS Motor neurons synapse on visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia (small populations of neurons). Ganglionic neurons control visceral effectors.
Organization Similarities of SNS and ANS
Preganglionic Fibers Axons of preganglionic neurons leave CNS and synapse on ganglionic neurons.
Autonomic Ganglia It is a peripheral Ganglia that contains many ganglionic neurons. Such ganglionic neurons innervate visceral effectors: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissues.
Postganglionic Fibers Axons of ganglionic neurons begin at autonomic Ganglia and extend to peripheral target organs.
Somatic or Visceral Sensory Information Trigger visceral reflexes (Set of sensors that sense things like blood oxygenation levels, the ANS would increase breath rate in case of oxygen lacks). Motor commands of reflexes distributed by ANS.
What are the divisions and functions of the ANS? All of the organs receive commands by both the innervations, which indeed work in a complementary manner.
- Sympathetic Division: "kicks in" only during exertion, stress, or emergency. It is the part of the nervous system that needs to be activated when your level of awareness needs to be increased.
- Parasympathetic Division: controls during resting conditions. It is the one involved when you are in a resting situation. For example allows for digestion, which it may be stopped by the sympathetic division when we suddenly face a stressing situation (e.g., catching a bus).
Divisions of the ANS
- 2 divisions may work independently: some structures innervated by only one of the two divisions.
- 2 divisions may work together: each controlling one stage of a complex process.